| Non-Rationalised Psychology NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 11th & 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Class 12th Psychology NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
1. Variations In Psychological Attributes
This chapter explores the fascinating concept of **individual differences** in various psychological attributes among people. It discusses how attributes such as **intelligence**, aptitude, interest, and personality vary from one person to another. The chapter introduces different theories and approaches to understanding intelligence (e.g., psychometric approach, information processing approach) and discusses methods for assessing these attributes, including psychological tests. Understanding these variations is crucial for recognizing the uniqueness of individuals and guiding them towards suitable educational and vocational paths, particularly relevant in diverse settings like India.
2. Self And Personality
This chapter delves into the concepts of **Self** (how we perceive and understand ourselves) and **Personality** (the relatively stable patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion that make each individual unique). It discusses various theories of personality, including psychodynamic (e.g., Freud), humanistic (e.g., Rogers, Maslow), trait (e.g., Allport, Cattell), behaviourist, and socio-cognitive approaches. Different methods for assessing personality (e.g., self-report measures, projective techniques, behavioural analysis) are explored. Understanding the self and personality helps explain individual uniqueness and how people interact with the world, providing frameworks for understanding human behaviour in various contexts.
3. Meeting Life Challenges
This chapter explores how individuals cope with **stress** and challenges encountered in life. It defines stress, discusses its sources (stressors like exams, relationships), types (e.g., chronic, acute), and its effects on physical and psychological well-being. The chapter introduces various **coping strategies** – the efforts individuals make to manage stressful situations (e.g., problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping). It also discusses the importance of resilience, positive health behaviors, and well-being in effectively navigating life's difficulties, highlighting how individuals adapt and maintain mental health amidst adversity, applicable to various life situations.
4. Psychological Disorders
This chapter introduces the concept of **psychological disorders** (mental illnesses), discussing what constitutes abnormal behaviour and different models for understanding its causes (e.g., biological, psychological, socio-cultural). It provides an overview of major categories of disorders as per diagnostic systems, such as anxiety disorders (phobias, panic disorder), depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, developmental disorders, and substance-related disorders. The chapter emphasizes that these are treatable conditions and discusses the stigma associated with mental illness, advocating for understanding, seeking help, and promoting mental health awareness, a growing area of focus in India.
5. Therapeutic Approaches
This chapter explores various **therapeutic approaches** used to help individuals with psychological disorders and mental health issues. It discusses different types of therapies, including **psychotherapy** (talking therapies like psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural - **CBT**, humanistic, gestalt, existential therapy) and biomedical therapies (e.g., medication, although less detailed in introductory texts). The chapter highlights the goals of therapy, the importance of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and client, and different modes of therapy (individual, group, family). It emphasizes that seeking professional help is a sign of strength and that various effective therapies are available to promote mental well-being and recovery.
6. Attitude And Social Cognition
This chapter delves into **Social Psychology**, focusing on how individuals think about and relate to others. It discusses **Attitudes** – learned predispositions to respond favourably or unfavourably to objects, people, or ideas – covering their formation, change, and relationship with behaviour. **Social cognition** refers to how we perceive, interpret, and remember social information, including forming impressions of others, explaining behaviour (attributions), and schemas. Concepts like **stereotypes**, **prejudice**, and **discrimination** are explored, highlighting how our thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about the social world influence our interactions and relationships within a diverse society like India.
7. Social Influence And Group Processes
This chapter continues the exploration of **Social Psychology**, examining how individuals are influenced by others and how they behave within **groups**. **Social influence** includes concepts like conformity (adjusting behaviour to group norms), compliance (yielding to requests), and obedience (following orders from authority). **Group processes** discuss how individuals behave differently in groups compared to alone, covering topics like group formation, types of groups, group performance (social loafing, social facilitation), and group decision-making (group polarisation, groupthink). The chapter highlights the power of social context and group dynamics in shaping individual behaviour and interactions in various social settings in India.
8. Psychology And Life
This chapter explores the application of **Psychology** to various real-world issues and aspects of **life**. It discusses how psychological principles and research findings are relevant to understanding and addressing problems in areas such as **health** (e.g., managing stress, promoting healthy behaviours), the **environment** (e.g., environmental psychology), **social issues** (e.g., poverty, aggression), **sports** (e.g., motivation, performance), and **education** (e.g., learning, motivation). The chapter highlights psychology's role in improving the quality of life, promoting well-being, and solving practical problems faced by individuals and society in India and globally.
9. Developing Psychological Skills
This concluding chapter focuses on the importance of developing various **psychological skills** that are useful in both professional psychological practice and everyday life. It discusses key skills such as **observation** (systematic viewing), **listening** (active and empathetic), **empathy** (understanding others' feelings), **communication** (verbal and non-verbal), **counselling** (helping others deal with problems), and **interviewing**. The chapter highlights how honing these skills is crucial for aspiring psychologists and valuable for anyone interacting with others, contributing to better relationships, problem-solving, and overall effectiveness in various personal and professional settings, relevant for interactions in India.